Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire (1526–1857) was a powerful Turco-Mongol dynasty that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Babur after his victory at the First Battle of Panipat and reached its peak under rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. The empire was known for centralized governance, Persianized culture, and remarkable architecture.[1]
Administration and Economy
The Mughals established a highly organized administration:
- Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system to classify military and civil officers.
- Revenue reforms such as the Zabt system standardized land taxes.
- A unified currency system with the rupee and mohur boosted trade and economy.
- The Mughal economy contributed nearly 25% of global industrial output in the 17th century.[2]
Art and Architecture
Mughal art flourished through:
- Monumental buildings like the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Fatehpur Sikri.
- Development of Mughal miniature painting, especially under Jahangir.
- Integration of Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.
Religious and Cultural Policies
- Under Akbar, religious tolerance was practiced. He abolished Jizya and initiated dialogues among faiths through Din-i Ilahi.
- Aurangzeb, however, reversed many liberal policies, reimposed Jizya, and led a more orthodox rule.[3]
Decline and Fall
- Post-Aurangzeb, the empire weakened due to internal conflicts and external invasions.
- Attacks by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali devastated its core.
- The East India Company gradually overtook the empire, and after the Revolt of 1857, it was officially dissolved by the British.
Legacy
The Mughal legacy remains alive in:
- Architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal (UNESCO site)
- Influence on language (e.g., Urdu), cuisine, art, and literature
- Modern debates on their place in Indian history and textbooks[4]