Jainism
Jainism is one of the oldest religions originating in the Indian subcontinent. It emphasizes non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. Practitioners aim for liberation through self-discipline and ascetic living.[1]
Origins and History
Jainism traces its spiritual lineage through 24 Tirthankaras, spiritual teachers who achieved liberation. The last and most well-known Tirthankara is Mahavira (599–527 BCE), a contemporary of the Buddha, who systematized the faith.[2]
- Jainism does not believe in a creator god.
- It believes in eternal souls and the karmic cycle of rebirth.
- The first Tirthankara is Rishabhanatha.
Beliefs and Philosophy
Core Jain beliefs include:
- Ahimsa – Not harming any living being.
- Anekantavada – Truth has many perspectives.
- Karma and Rebirth
- Moksha – Liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
Sects
Jainism is divided into two main sects:
- Digambara – Ascetics practice extreme renunciation and often wear no clothes.
- Shvetambara – Ascetics wear white clothes and are more community-oriented.[3]
Practices
- Fasting, meditation, and prayer.
- Following the Five Great Vows (Mahavrata).
- Worship in Jain temples, often intricately carved and decorated.
- Celebrating festivals like Mahavir Jayanti, Paryushan, and Diwali (marking Mahavira’s nirvana).
Temples and Art
Famous Jain temples include:
- Palitana Temples, Gujarat
- Ranakpur Temple, Rajasthan
- Shravanabelagola, Karnataka – Home to the statue of Bahubali
- Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu
Jain art is known for its symbolism, detailed iconography, and dedication to non-violent imagery.
Sacred Texts
- Agamas – Canonical texts of Jain teachings (especially for Shvetambaras)
- Tattvartha Sutra – A key philosophical text accepted by all Jains[4]
Influence
- Strong impact on Indian ethics, vegetarianism, and legal thought.
- Prominent Jain communities are found in India, the UK, USA, Canada, and East Africa.
- Many Jain scholars contributed to mathematics, astronomy, and logic in ancient India.
Notable Jains
- Virchand Gandhi – Represented Jainism at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)
- Shrimad Rajchandra – Spiritual guide to Mahatma Gandhi
- Gautam Adani, Lalit Doshi – Prominent Jain business figures